Definition of computer

DEFINITION OF COMPUTER

An electronic device which is capable of receiving information (data) in a particular form and of performing a sequence of operations in accordance with a predetermined but variable set of procedural instructions (program) to produce a result in the form of information or signals.

A computer generally means a programmable machine. The two principal characteristics of a computer are it responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner and it can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program).

A computer is a general purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a set of arithmetic or logical operations automatically. Since a sequence of operations can be readily changed, the computer can solve more than one kind of problem.

Conventionally, a computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a central pocessing units (CPU), and some form of memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit can change the order of operations in response to stored information. Peripheral devices allow information to be retrieved from an external source, and the result of operations saved and retrieved.

Definition of drawing

DEFINITION OF DRAWING

Drawing is a form of visual art that makes use of any number of drawing instruments to mark a two-dimensional medium. Instruments used include graphic pencils, pen and ink, inked brushes, wax color pencils, crayons, charcoal, chalk, pastels, various kinds of erasers,markers, styluses, and various metals. An artist who practices or works in drawing may be called a draftsmans ordraughtsman.

A small amount of material is released onto a surface, leaving a visible mark. The most common support for drawing is paper, although other materials, such as cardboards, plastic, leathers, canvas, and board, may be used. Temporary drawings may be made on a blackboard or whiteboard or indeed almost anything. The medium has been a popular and fundamental means of public expression throughout human history. It is one of the simplest and most efficient means of communicating visual ideas.The wide availability of drawing instruments makes drawing one of the most common artistic activities.

Drawing is one of the major forms of expression within the visual arts. It is generally concerned with the marking of lines and areas of tone onto paper, where the accurate representation of the visual world is expressed upon a plane surface. Traditional drawings were monochrome, or at least had little colour,while modern colored-pencil drawings may approach or cross a boundary between drawing and painting. In Western terminology, drawing is distinct from painting, even though similar media often are employed in both tasks. Dry media, normally associated with drawing, such as chalk, may be used in pastel paintings. Drawing may be done with a liquid medium, applied with brushes or pens. Similar supports likewise can serve both: painting generally involves the application of liquid paint onto prepared canvas or panels, but sometimes an under drawing is drawn first on that same support.

Drawing is often exploratory, with considerable emphasis on observation, problem-solving and composition. Drawing is also regularly used in preparation for a painting, further obfuscating their distinction. Drawings created for these purposes are called studies.

EXAMPLE OF DRAWING

Definition of fiber

DEFINITION OF FIBER

A textile or cloth is a flexible woven material consisting of a network of natural or artificial fibres often referred to as thread or yarn. Yarn is produced by spinning raw fibres of wool, flax, cotton, or other material to produce long strands.Textiles are formed by weaving, knitting, crocheting,knotting, or pressing fibres together (felt).

The words fabric and cloth are used in textile assembly trades (such as tailoring and dressmaking) as synonyms for textile. However, there are subtle differences in these terms in specialized usage. Textile refers to any material made of interlacing fibres. Fabric refers to any material made through weaving, knitting, spreading, crocheting, or bonding that may be used in production of further goods.Cloth may be used synonymously with fabric but often refers to a finished piece of fabric used for a specific purpose.

History

The discovery of dyed flax fibres in a cave in the Republic of Georgia dated to 34,000 BCE suggests textile-like materials were made even in prehistoric times.

The production of textiles is a craft whose speed and scale of production has been altered almost beyond recognition by industrialization and the introduction of modern manufacturing techniques. However, for the main types of textiles, plain weave, twill, or satin weave, there is little difference between the ancient and modern methods.

Incas have been crafting quipus (or khipus) made of fibres either from a protein, such as spun and plied thread like wool or hair from camelids such asalpacas, llamas, and camels, or from a cellulose like cotton for thousands of years. Khipus are a series of knots along pieces of string. Until recently, they were thought to have been only a method of accounting, but new evidence discovered by Harvard professor Gary Urton indicates there may be more to the khipu than just numbers. Preservation of khipus found in museum and archive collections follow general textile preservation principles and practice.

During the 15th century, textiles were the largest single industry. Before the 15th century textiles were produced only in a few towns but during they shifted into districts like East Anglia, and the Cotswolds.

Fiber (American English) or fibre (International english ) is elongated stringy Natural , man-made or synthetic material. In the case of natural fibers, they often tie together the parts of natural creatures. Natural Vegetable fibres generally consist of cellulose, examples include cotton , linen and hemp. Cellulose fibers are used in the manufacture of paper and cloth . Natural Animal fibre include spider silk , sinew, hair, and wool .There are naturally occurring mineral fibre such as Asbestos .

Man-made fibres are those that are made artificially, but from from natural raw materials (often cellulosic ). Examples include Fiber glass , rayon , acetate cupro and the more recently developed Lyocell .Synthetic fibres include nylon , acrylic , polyester and graphite fibre .

EXAMPLE OF FIBER

Definition of printing

DEFINITION OF PRINTING

Textile printing is the process of applying colour to fabric in definite patterns or designs. In properly printed fabrics the colour is bonded with thefiber, so as to resist washing and friction. Textile printing is related to dyeing but, whereas in dyeing proper the whole fabric is uniformly covered with one colour, in printing one or more colours are applied to it in certain parts only, and in sharply defined patterns.

In printing, wooden blocks, stencils, engraved plates, rollers, or silkscreens can be used to place colours on the fabric. Colourants used in printing contain dyes thickened to prevent the colour from spreading by capillary attraction beyond the limits of the pattern or design.

Traditional textile printing techniques may be broadly categorised into four styles:

Direct printing, in which colourants containing dyes, thickeners, and the mordants or substances necessary for fixing the colour on the cloth are printed in the desired pattern.

The printing of a mordant in the desired pattern prior to dyeing cloth; the color adheres only where the mordant was printed.

Resist dyeing, in which a wax or other substance is printed onto fabric which is subsequently dyed. The waxed areas do not accept the dye, leaving uncoloured patterns against a coloured ground.Discharge printing, in which a bleaching agent is printed onto previously dyed fabrics to remove some or all of the colour.

Resist and discharge techniques were particularly fashionable in the 19th century, as were combination techniques in which indigo resist was used to create blue backgrounds prior to block-printing of other colours.[1] Most modern industrialised printing uses direct printing techniques.

Woodblock printing is a technique for printing text, images or patterns used widely throughout East Asia and probably originating in China in antiquity as a method of printing on textiles and laterpaper. As a method of printing on cloth, the earliest surviving examples from China date to before 220.

Textile printing was known in Europe, via the Islamic world, from about the 12th century, and widely used. However, the European dyes tended to liquify, which restricted the use of printed patterns. Fairly large and ambitious designs were printed for decorative purposes such as wall-hangings and lectern-cloths, where this was less of a problem as they did not need washing. When paper became common, the technology was rapidly used on that for woodcut prints. Superior cloth was also imported from Islamic countries, but this was much more expensive.

The Incas of Peru, Chile and the Aztecs of Mexico also practiced textile printing previous to the Spanish Invasion in 1519; but owing to the imperfect character of their records before that date, it is impossible to say whether they discovered the art for themselves, or, in some way, learned its principles from the Asiatics.

During the later half of the 17th century the French brought directly by sea, from their colonies on the east coast of India, samples of Indian blue and white resist prints, and along with them, particulars of the processes by which they had been produced, which produced washable fabrics.

 Method of printing

There are seven distinct methods at present in use for producing coloured patterns on cloth:

 

Hand block printing

This process, though considered by some to be the most artistic, is the earliest, simplest and slowest of all methods of printing.

In this process, a design is drawn on, or transferred to, a prepared wooden block. A separate block is required for each distinct colour in the design.

A blockcutter carves out the wood around the heavier masses first, leaving the finer and more delicate work until the last so as to avoid any risk of injuring it during the cutting of the coarser parts. When finished, the block presents the appearance of flat relief carving, with the design standing out.

Fine details are very difficult to cut in wood, and, even when successfully cut, wear down very rapidly or break off in printing. They are therefore almost invariably built up in strips of brass or copper, bent to shape and driven edgewise into the flat surface of the block. This method is known as coppering.

To print the design on the fabric, the printer applies colour to the block and presses it firmly and steadily on the cloth, ensuring a good impression by striking it smartly on the back with a wooden mallet. The second impression is made in the same way, the printer taking care to see that it fits exactly to the first, a point which he can make sure of by means of the pins with which the blocks are provided at each corner and which are arranged in such a way that when those at the right side or at the top of the block fall upon those at the left side or the bottom of the previous impression the two printings join up exactly and continue the pattern without a break. Each succeeding impression is made in precisely the same manner until the length of cloth is fully printed. When this is done it is wound over the drying rollers, thus bringing forward a fresh length to be treated similarly.

If the pattern contains several colours the cloth is usually first printed throughout with one, then dried, and printed with the second, the same operations being repeated until all the colours are printed.

Block printing by hand is a slow process it is, however, capable of yielding highly artistic results, some of which are unobtainable by any other method.

Stencil printing

The art of stenciling is not new. It has been applied to the decoration of textile fabrics from time immemorial by the Japanese, and, of late years, has found increasing employment in Europe for certain classes of decorative work on woven goods for furnishing purposes.

The pattern is cut out of a sheet of stout paper or thin metal with a sharp-pointed knife, the uncut portions representing the part that is to be reserved or left uncoloured. The sheet is now laid on the material to be decorated and colour is brushed through its interstices.

It is obvious that with suitable planning an all over pattern may be just as easily produced by this process as by hand or machine printing, and that moreover, if several plates are used, as many colours as plates may be introduced into it. The peculiarity of stenciled patterns is that they have to be held together by ties, that is to say, certain parts of them have to be left uncut, so as to connect them with each other, and prevent them from falling apart in separate pieces. For instance, a complete circle cannot be cut without its center dropping out, and, consequently, its outline has to be interrupted at convenient points by ties or uncut portions. Similarly with other objects. The necessity for ties exercises great influence on the design, and in the hands of a designer of indifferent ability they may be very unsightly. On the other hand, a capable man utilizes them to supply the drawing, and when thus treated they form an integral part of the pattern and enhance its artistic value whilst complying with the conditions and the process.

For single-colour work a stenciling machine was patented in 1894 by S. H. Sharp. It consists of an endless stencil plate of thin sheet steel that passes continuously over a revolving cast iron cylinder. Between the two the cloth to be ornamented passes and the colour is forced on to it, through the holes in the stencil, by mechanical means.

Screen-printing

Screen printing is by far the most used technology today. Two types exist: rotary screen printing and flat (bed) screen printing. A blade squeezes the printing paste through openings in the screen onto the fabric.

Digital textile printing

Digital textile printing,often referred to as direct to garment printing, DTG printing, and digital garment printing is a process of printing on textiles and garments using specialized or modified inkjet technology. Inkjet printing on fabric is also possible with an inkjet printer by using fabric sheets with a removable paper backing. Today major inkjet technology manufacturers can offer specialized products designed for direct printing on textiles, not only for sampling but also for bulk production. 

Since the early 1990s, inkjet technology and specially developed water-based ink (known as dye-sublimation or disperse direct ink) has offered the possibility of printing directly onto polyester fabric. This is mainly related to visual communication in retail and brand promotion (flags, banners and other point of sales applications). Printing onto nylon and silk can be done by using an acid ink. Reactive ink is used for cellulose based fibers, such as cotton and linen. Using inkjet technology in digital textile printing allows for single pieces, mid-run production and even long-run alternatives to screen printed fabric.

Example of printing

Definition of resist

DEFINITION OF RESIST

Resist dyeing (resist-dyeing) is a term for a number of traditional methods of dyeing textiles with patterns. Methods are used to "resist" or prevent the dye from reaching all the cloth, thereby creating a pattern and ground. The most common forms use wax, some type of paste, or a mechanical resist that manipulates the cloth such as tying or stitching. Another form of resist involves using a chemical agent in a specific type of dye that will repel another type of dye printed over the top. The most well-known varieties today include tie-dye and batik.

Method

Wax or paste: melted wax or some form of paste is applied to cloth before being dipped in dye. Wherever the wax has seeped through the fabric, the dye will not penetrate.Sometimes several colors are used, with a series of dyeing, drying and waxing steps.The wax may also be applied to another piece of cloth to make a stencil,which is then placed over the cloth and dye applied to the assembly this is known as resist printing.

Paper stencils may also be used; another type of resist printing.The same method is used in art in printmaking in one form of screenprinting.

Mechanical the cloth is tied, stitched, or clamped using clothespegs or wooden blocks to shield areas of the fabric.

Chemical,a modern textile printing method, commonly achieved using two different classes of fiber reactive dyes one of which must be of the vinyl sulfone type.A chemical-resisting agent is combined with dye Type A and printed using the screenprint method and allowed to dry. A second dye, Type B, is then printed overtop.The resist agent in Type A chemically prevents Type B from reacting with the fabric resulting in a crisp pattern/ground relationship.

History

Resist dyeing has been very widely used in Eurasia and Africa since Antiquity.The first discoveries of pieces of linen was from Egypt and date from the fourth century, the cloth was used for the mummies that were soaked in wax, then scratched with a sharp stylus, dyed with a mixture of blood and ashes, later washed in hot water to remove the wax. In Asia, this technique was practiced in China during the T'ang dynasty (618-907), in India and Japan in the Nara period (645-794). In Africa it was originally practiced by the Yoruba tribe in Nigeria,Soninke and Wolof in Senegal.

Resist-dyed textiles

Resist-dyeing is a widely used method of applying colours or patterns to fabric. A substance that is impervious to the dye blocks its access to certain areas of the fabric, while other parts are free to take up the dye colour. Tie-dyeing involves pinching areas of cloth and tying them tightly with thread before dyeing.Removal of the thread reveals small circular marks in the original fabric colour. Complex patterns can be built up by repeating the process using another dye colour. In applied resist-dyeing, the pattern is marked on to the cloth with a substance such as paste or wax. After dyeing and removal of the resist substance, the pattern is revealed in the original fabric colour. This process can be repeated several times.

Tie-dye

This technique is used extensively in India, where it is known as ‘bandhani’ from which we get the word 'bandanna'  a silk neckcloth that was originally tie-dyed.Various methods are used to mark out a pattern on the fabric before tying.In one of the most traditional methods, now used less frequently, the dampened fabric is placed over a pattern block of raised pins.The cloth is pinched between the thumb and index finger at each point and tied with waxed thread.Another way is to block-print the design of dots using a medium that washes out in water such as soot or red ochre.Sometimes a thin sheet of plastic pierced by holes is placed over the fabric and the fugitive solution spread over it.This leaves a pattern of small dots on the fabric.It is also possible to roughly mark out the pattern and tie by eye.The ties are often not removed before the cloth is sold, to show that it has been hand-dyed and not mechanically printed.

A tie-dying method called ‘lehariya’ is used in India for turban cloths.Fine cloth such as muslin is folded concertina-fashion and tied tightly at intervals.It is dipped quickly in dye of a pale colour. Some areas are then unrolled and the process is repeated with progressively darker dyes, to build up a range of colours in stripes.‘Kasuri’, which is also known by the Indonesian term ‘ikat’, takes a different approach and requires extreme accuracy.It is the unwoven warp or weft yarns that are tied and dyed so when the cloth is woven the pattern emerges from the pre-dyed threads.In India, highly valued double ikats called ‘patola’, in which both warp and weft are dyed, are woven in silk.

Applied resist

This technique is called ‘tsutsugaki’ in Japan where rice paste is used as the resist and ‘batik’ in Java where wax is used.Originally the hot wax was applied with a shaped strip of bamboo but in the 17th century the invention of the ‘canting’ (pronounced janting) a copper crucible with spouts of different sizes meant that the wax could more easily be applied in continuous lines of varying thicknesses,thus improving the fineness of the patterns that could be attempted.

The earliest batiks were monochrome patterns against an indigo background but multicoloured ones were produced from the 18th century onwards using methods learnt from expert Muslim dyers in India.Typical patterns represented ancient symbolic designs in complex,symmetrical, intertwining layouts, and reflected the social class of the owner through their level of intricacy. Some of the ceremonial garments produced and decorated in this way are amongst the most superb examples of textile ornamentation known.

In India,beeswax resist was used for part of the fabric colouring process in the production of chintz.Pouncing was used to transfer the pattern in charcoal onto the cotton cloth; a porous bag of loose charcoal powder called a ‘pounce’ was dusted over a design pricked out onto paper. Then the hot wax was drawn on with a reed pen, following the charcoal guidelines.The textile workers were largely low-caste Hindi family groups, each family skilled in a separate stage of the complex chintz-making process and working in their own small craft workshops (not their own homes). The fabric moved from family to family for each of the many stages ‘appearing, like a snail, to make no progress’ until the cloth was complete, as a Dutch agent recorded in the 1680s.

EXAMPLE OF RESIST

Definition of textile

DEFINITION OF TEXTILE

A textile is a cloth, which is either woven by hand or machine."Textile" has traditionally meant, "a woven fabric".The term comes from the Latin word texere, meaning to weave.

Fibers are the raw materials for all fabrics.Some fibers occur in nature as fine strands that can be twisted into yarns.These natural fibers come from plants, animals, and minerals.

For most of history, people had only natural fibers to use in making cloth.But modern science has learned how to produce fibers by chemical and technical means. Today, these manufactured fibers account for more than two-thirds of the fibers processed by U.S. textile mills.

Plants provide more textile fibers than do animals or minerals.Cotton fibers produce soft, absorbent fabrics that are widely used for clothing, sheets, and towels. Fibers of the flax plant are made into linen. The strength and beauty of linen have made it a popular fabric for fine tablecloths, napkins and handkerchiefs.

The main animal fiber used for textiles is wool.Another animal fiber,silk,produces one of the most luxurious fabrics.Sheep supply most of the wool,but members of the camel family and some goats also furnish wool.Wool provides warm, comfortable fabrics for dresses, suits, and sweaters.Silk comes from cocoons spun by silkworms.Workers unwind the cocoons to obtain long, natural filaments.Fabrics made from silk fibers have great luster and softness and can be dyed brilliant colors.Silk is especially popular for scarfs and neckties.

Most manufactured fibers are made from wood pulp, cotton linters, or petrochemicals. Petrochemicals are chemicals made from crude oil and natural gas.The chief fibers manufactured from petrochemicals include nylon,polyester,acrylic and olefin.Nylon has exceptional strength, wears well, and is easy to launder. It is popular for hosiery and other clothing and for carpeting and upholstery. Such products as conveyor belts and fire hoses are also made of nylon.

Most textiles are produced by twisting fibers into yarns and then knitting or weaving the yarns into a fabric. This method of making cloth has been used for thousands of years. But throughout most of that time, workers did the twisting, knitting, or weaving largely by hand. With today's modern machinery,textile mills can manufacture as much fabric in a few seconds as it once took workers weeks to produce by hand.

Woven fabrics are made of two sets of yarns a lengthwise set called the warp and a crosswise set called the filling or weft.

The warp yarns are threaded into a loom through a series of frames called harnesses.During the cloth-making process, the harnesses raise some warp yarns and lower others.This action creates a space, or shed, between the yarns.A device called a shuttle carries the filling through the shed and so forms the crosswiseyarns of the fabric.The pattern in which the harnesses are raised and lowered for each pass of the shuttle determines the kind of weave.

Knitted fabrics are made from a single yarn or a set of yarns. In making cloth a knitting machine forms loops in the yarn and links them to one another by means of needles.The finished fabric consists of crosswise rows of loops, called courses, and lengthwise rows of loops, called wales. This looped structure makes knitted fabrics more elastic than woven cloth.Garment manufacturers use knitted fabrics in producing comfortable,lightweight clothing that resists wrinkling.

Other fabrics include tufted fabrics, nets and laces, braids, and felt.None of these fabrics is woven or knitted.However,the textile industry produces another class of fabrics specifically called nonwoven fabrics.

Uitm Background

UITM BACKGROUND

UiTM is Malaysia's largest institution of higher learning in terms of size and population. It has experienced phenomenal growth since its inception in 1956 and it is still growing. Beside the main  campus in Shah Alam, the university has expanded nationwide with 12 state campuses, 6 satellite campuses in Shah Alam, 11 state satellite campuses and 21 affiliated colleges. With this vast network and a workforce of 17,770, the university offers more than 500 academic programmes in a conducive and vibrant environment. It is also home to some 175,200 students.

The University is committed to helping bumiputera students achieve the highest scholarly level and to prepare them for careers in public and professional practice in various fields. Its formation is based on a vision of outstanding scholarship and academic excellence that is capable of providing leadership in various arenas.

Although still a fledgling compared to other more established universities in the country, UiTM has earned a reputation as being one of Malaysia's innovative and entrepreneurial universities, as it has formed linkages with numerous and diverse industrial sectors. Hence, its relationships with the industries have enriched its research and innovation as well as its entrepreneurial culture.

Today, UiTM draws strength from the initiatives of its founding fathers, exploring and mastering  various frontiers of knowledge as it works towards reaching greater heights and celebrating more accomplishments at home and abroad. The ultimate is to put UiTM on the world map.

Vision,Mission,Philosophy & Objectives

VISION,MISSION,PHILOSOPHY & OBJECTIVES

VISION

To establish UiTM as a premier university of outstanding scholarship and academic excellence capable of providing leadership to Bumiputeras’s dynamic involvement in all professional fields of world-class standards in order to produce globally competitive graduates of sound ethical standing.

MISSION

To enhance the knowledge and expertise of Bumiputeras in all fields of study through professional programmes, research work and community service based on moral values and professional ethics.

PHILOSOPHY

Every individual has the ability to attain excellence through the transfer of knowledge and assimilation of moral values so as to become professional graduates capable of developing knowledge, self, society and nation.

OBJECTIVES

• To provide maximum opportunities for bumiputeras to pursue professionally-recognised programmes of study in science, technology, industry, business, arts and humanities.
• To provide quality and innovative programmes of study relevant to current market needs and customer demands, and in line with policies of national development.
• To establish a human resource development programme as a tool for the assimilation of a value system within the university community.
• To ensure that UiTM graduates are adequately prepared to join the local as well as the global workforce.
• To establish UiTM as a centre of excellence that is accountable for the effective and efficient management of its human resources, finances and assets in order to achieve its educational objectives, while playing its role as a catalyst in community development.